2011 Census: A Brief Summary

According to the provisional results of the 2011 census, released on 31^st March 2011, India’s population as on first March 2011 was 1210million. This is a humongous population, than the size projected by experts and professional organisations.

Population Growth

Between the census years 2001 and 2011, the absolute addition to the population was 181 million. The average annual growth rate was 0.33% points less than the rate observed during 1991 – 2001. If the fall in growth rate over the last two decades continues, then there is every reason to believe that, the rate of growth of population would be much lower in the coming decades.

Though the growth rate has declined compared to the previous decade of 1991 – 2001, there was only a marginal decline in the absolute number of people added to the population total. This is not unexpected as there is still a growing number of women entering the reproductive ages (the result of high fertility in the past). This inbuilt tendency for India’s population to grow will continue at least until the middle of this century.

The average annual growth rate of population declined in all major states except in Tamil Nadu, it may be the result of growth in net in-migration into Tamil Nadu during 2001 – 2011. The other notable in-migration major states are Haryana, Maharashtra and Gujarat. In contrast, Kerala continues to be a net exporter of people to elsewhere in India and overseas.

Literacy

The provisional population figure of 2011 census shows a marked improvement in literacy rate. The effective literacy rate (literacy rate in population aged above 7 years of age) increased from 64.8% to 74% over the decade 2001 – 2011. Although the improvement was significant for both males and females, females gained more than males (increase of literacy rate from 75.3% - 82.1% for males and from 53.4% - 65.46% for females).

Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir had a lower achievement level in literacy in 2001, ranking low at the bottom; they all stood at higher ranks with respect to improvement in literacy during the decade 2001 – 2011. On the other hand, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan performed poorly with respect to other states.

Gender Composition

The overall sex ratio at the national level has increased by 7 points to reach 940 at census 2011 as against 933 in census 2001. This is the highest sex ratio recorded since 1971 and a shade lower than 1961. Increase in sex ratio is observed in 29 states/Union Territories. Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar and Gujarat have shown decline in sex ratio as compared to census 2001. Kerala with 1084 has the highest sex ratio followed by Puducherry with 1038 while Daman and Diu has the lowest sex ratio of 618. The most important contributor to overall increase in sex ratio is improvement in survival rate among women.

Decline in Child Sex Ratio 

As was the case during the 1990’s the increase in population sex ratio was almost entirely due to the increase in sex ratio among the population aged 7 and above. But the sex ratio for the population aged 0-6 years continued to decline from 945 females per 1000 males in 1991, to 927 in 2001 and further down to 914 in 2011. In spite of an increase between 2001 and 2011, Punjab and Haryana have the lowest sex ratio (less than 850) among 0-6 year olds in 2011. All the major states except Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu recorded increase in male population in their under seven population. The largest decline was in Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

Conclusion

The provisional population figures of the 2011 census do suggest that India’s population growth is slowing down. Although the total population size exceeded more projections, the growth rate has slowed compared to the 1990’s. This is largely due to further declines in fertility throughout the 2000’s in the populous states in Northern India.

Studies have consistently shown that the long-term solution for eliminating discrimination against female discrimination against female children lies in bringing about transformative changes in social institutions and family. The continuous gains in female literacy over last two decades are signs that far-reaching social changes are under way. Early 20^th century experience shows that secondary education for all is essential for women’s empowerment. In women’s empowerment lie the answer to India’s population and developmental problems.   

Lowest Child Sex Ratio Ever

 Child sex ratio, measures the number of girls for every 1,000 boys in the 0-6 years age group.


According to the 2011 census of India we can find the worst child sex ratio ever, after India became independent. The  child sex ratio of India stands at 914. And what exactly does this mean? Indian's are still preferring male child over the female child. Does female foeticide, abortion etc... exist? It is really a question worth asking.

so what can we do?


India still lags behind in basic education and health facilities, and there lies the solution too Educate the masses and provide them good health facilities. Educating the girl child is very important too.




I'll upload a detailed analysis of India's Census 2011 in a few days.  

Human Development Report 2010

United Nations has released its HDR 2010

Human Development Report 2010 —20th Anniversary Edition

The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development

The first Human Development Report in 1990 opened with the simply stated premise that has guided all subsequent Reports: “People are the real wealth of a nation.” By backing up this assertion with an abundance of empirical data and a new way of thinking about and measuring development, the Human Development Report has had a profound impact on development policies around the world.

This 20th anniversary edition features introductory reflections by the Nobel Prize–winning economist Amartya Sen,............................ click here to read

Pocket Banking

THE MOBILE REVOLUTION PROMISES TO MAKE BANKING, AS EASY AS A PIE...

                Mobile phones have found a place in every market and nearly on every individual’s pocket. I intend write about banking on the move. In this era of USB 3.0, SSD’s ... it seems irritating to wait and especially in banks, where things seems to move in a slow pace. Happy News!!.. We no longer need to wait in long queues or even maintain a cheque book. Thanks to mobile banking and online banking; this has revolutionized banking. Now one can recharge mobiles, pay bills, buy movie tickets etc... from mobile phones.

Pay Using Mobile Phone

                Obopay is an application that allows you to pay using mobile phone. It’s ‘Easy Money’ option is just like a top-up for your mobile. Obopay has tied up with Nokia. All you have to do is walk into a Nokia priority store and pay cash, this amount will be credited to your obopay account. You may use this amount to pay using your cell phone. Another service named ‘Easy Send’ allows you to transfer money from person to person or pay merchants for their products or services. To activate this service, you will have to go to a Nokia priority showroom and download the application. Then you’ll have to fill a ‘know – your – customer’ form (as per RBI rules) to open a Yes Bank account. This service will be activated within 48 hours. Sadly, Obopay services are currently available only in Pune and Chandigarh.

                Another payment option using mobile phone is ‘mCheck’, which most of the users know. Through service you can securely pay for your phone bills, flight tickets, insurance premiums, online shopping etc... mCheck integrates with your Visa/ Master Card, Credit/Debit Card, allowing you to make payments through your phone. It allows you to key- in details for a credit or a debit card, and for each transaction it demands which card to be used. After selection of cards, transactions must be authenticated using the mCheck PIN number.

                Compared with ‘Pay Mate’, mCheck and Obopay are newer services. Pay Mate links your cell phone to your existing bank account or Credit/Debit card, letting you pay for online purchases and much more. When you wish to make a transaction online or offline, all you have to do is share your mobile number and you will receive a sms confirming the status. You can have more than one account linked with Pay Mate. If you do not wish to transact using your credit card or debit card, you can even purchase a Giftmate voucher, which allows you to transact using a pre-paid balance.

                ‘Pay Mate’ has also introduced a Green Money Transfer Service in association with corporation bank and Tata Teleservices. It is a person to person mobile money transfer. A person who wishes to send money has to go to a Tata Green PCO and submit in cash, the amount to be transferred and follow the procedures as they tell you. Currently services are limited to registered customers of Kerala and Karnataka.

Mobile Banking   

                Almost all major banks now offer customers the convenience of mobile banking at no extra cost. Earlier; what the banks offered were just sms alerts regarding transactions and checking balance, you can now carry out full-fledged banking transactions. How to start mobile banking?.. A big question? Not really... It’s quite simple. Just follow m-banking link of your bank and download the application. Then follow the rules. You can conduct transactions to a maximum of Rs.50,000 per day(this may vary from bank to bank ). Mobile banking is 99.9% safe, as it is user specific and requires a four digit pass- code, just like an ATM, the application blocks itself on feeding three consecutive wrong pin entries. In case you loose your phone, call the 24 hour customer care and request them to block the application.

Money Manager

                With online and m-banking, one is bound to spend more when disposable money is available with you anywhere. To solve this concern, there is an online application by the name ‘Intuit Money Manager’ (www.intuitmoneymanager.com). It helps you to monitor your transactions, and allows you to monitor your transactions, and allows you to consolidate all your financial accounts. You can map your spending trends and can even fix your budget; when you reach the limit, you will receive a sms or email alert asking you to stop spending. You can even monitor your stocks with this application. This application is available with a 90 day free trial and Rs.365 for an annual subscription. Another website which offers the same services is perfios.com. As of now, this service is free. The best part is that the application even allows mobile access.  

Food Inflation in India

I am not targeting this article for Economic students alone, so I will try to make it simple and easy to understand yet strong.

A GENERAL INTRODUCTION

So to begin with, I must describe to my readers what inflation is?.. Inflation in simple terms can be defined as a general rise in price level. And for budding economists I will put forward the definition given by Wicksell, Hansen and Keynes: ‘Inflation is the result of excess demand over full employment’. Also one by Caul Bourn who says: ‘Inflation is a situation where too much money chases too few goods’. Inflation may arise because of two main reasons: 1. Demand increases over the supply of goods and services (Demand pull Inflation). The demand for goods and services increases well above its supply..... naturally price rises. 2. Cost Push Inflation – A situation where price rises on account of increasing cost of production for any reason. When price of various factors of production like land, labour etc... increases, cost of production is bound to increase and so is the case with finished final goods and services. Let me also inform you that there are two measures of Inflation that are commonly used. 1. Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI).In India we use WPI as the common measure of Inflation. Let me not bore you with more economic facts and get to the point straight away......

Food Inflation based on the WPI for food articles & food products reached double digits in April 2009 and have crossed the 20% level by December. We must have in mind that Inflation in retail level is more important than the wholesale level because it is what matters in the case of consumers. This is true in the case of all Economies. In order to maintain the consumption pattern or level, Indian consumers should spend about 20% more on food compared to previous years. This is surely going to worsen food and nutrition deficiency, which remains at a very high level.    

THE GENERAL TREND OF INFLATION

The average annual inflation based on the WPI (1993-94) was close to 6% during 1994-95 to 2004-2005. But during these periods, food inflation varied between 4% to 7% and comparatively it was lower than that of normal inflation rate. But the scenario changed after 2005; food prices increased at much faster rate than non-food items.

It is to be noted that food inflation touched near to 20% in January 2010. The annual average of food inflation during the period 2006-2009 was very much higher than that of ordinary inflation. Statistics show food inflation was 80% more than ordinary inflation during this period. The highest inflation is observed in the case of pulses and the lowest in the case of edible oils. Now let me throw some light on the reasons behind the current food inflation.

FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD INFLATION

The acceleration in food inflation towards the end of 2009 have been caused by several factors , relating to a shock in supply, trade, global prices, food management, speculative activities and demand.

                        
          (1)Production

In India, food inflation commenced accelerating in the beginning of 2008, even though production was double than that of the domestic demand. But a major portion of this did not enter domestic market (supply). As global price soared in 2007 and 2008, exports seemed attractive. The share of exports in domestic production of food increased from 6.2% during 2003-04 to 2005-06 to more than 10% during 2006-07 to 2008-09. This resulted in the seeping in of global prices to the domestic market to a certain extent. The main cause of an increase in food prices during 2008 was the influence of exports led by high global prices.

Global food prices cooled down considerably during 2009. The FAO Food Price Index in 2009 was 20% lower than in 2008. In contrast to the global trend, domestic food prices followed a rapid increase through 2009. The main factor underlying high food inflation during 2009 and beyond is that, growth in food production during 2008-09 fell short of demand. Contributing to these woes large parts of the country experienced deficiency of 2009 southwest monsoon resulting in draught, which caused considerable loss to kharif output. According to the advance estimates issued by CSO, food grain product in 2009-10 is estimated to decline by 8% and oilseeds and sugarcane by 5% and 11% respectively. The decline in food production was bound to occur since we have no mechanism to promptly correct the imbalance in demand and supply.

                        
          (2)Trade and Global Prices

Changes in international prices exert direct and indirect influence on domestic prices. However this influence varies greatly across commodities. The prices of edible oil in India turned out to be lower than that in 2008, even though the domestic production fell by 5%. Imports which meet around 40% of domestic demand for edible oil is the major factor holding edible oil prices at low level.

Then how come the prices of rice, wheat, egg, sugar, pulses, meat, fish etc... have not decreased? In commodities like pulses, the global market is very thin. The total trade in pulses is around 10 million tonnes, out of which India imports about 30%. The global market does not seem to be having the capacity to meet India’s rising demand for pulses.

The lack of cooperation between the centre and the states further complicates the likelihood of a quick execution of the import option to meet the domestic shortage, as was seen in the case of sugar recently.

CONCLUSION

It is relevant to ask whether proper food management could check this high inflation levels. India needs to be stronger in food management like keeping more buffer stocks and utilising it properly. Proper implementation should be in order and the gap between desired action taken and actual action taken should be minimised to a great extent. India needs to invest heavily in expanding storage capacity for various types of food in public and private sectors. A food market regulator should be established to check hoarding and speculative trade. To keep food inflation at low levels, India must develop improved technologies for raising food production to meet the ever increasing demand.